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Izibane zokukhempisha ziye zatshintsha kakhulu ngokufika kwee-COB LEDs. Ezi modyuli zokukhanyisa ziphambili zidibanisa iitships ezininzi ze-LED kwiyunithi enye, encinci. Olu yilo lwenza izibane zokukhempisha ze-COB zinike ukukhanya okugqwesileyo, zinyuse ukukhanya nge-50% xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zendabuko. Ukuphuma okuphezulu kwe-lumen kuqinisekisa ukubonakala okungcono, nokuba kusezindaweni ezimnyama zangaphandle. Ukongeza, iteknoloji eyonga amandla inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, okwenza ezi zibane zilungele ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle ixesha elide. Uyilo lwazo olutsha ludibanisa ukusebenza nokusebenza kakuhle, lubonelela ngokusebenza okungenakuthelekiswa nanto kubantu abakhempisha kunye nabantu abathanda ukuhamba ngeenyawo ngokufanayo.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
- Ii-LED ze-COB zenzaizibane zekampu ezikhanya kakhulu ngama-50%, ikunceda ubone ngcono ebumnyameni.
- Zisebenzisa amandla amancinci, ngoko ke iibhetri zihlala ixesha elide ngexesha lohambo.
- Izibane ze-COB zisasaza ukukhanya ngokulinganayo, zisusa amabala amnyama kunye nokukhanya okukhanyayo ukuze kubekho ukhuseleko kunye nentuthuzelo.
- Uyilo lwabo oluncinci nolulula lubenzakulula ukuyiphatha abantu abakhempisha.
- Izibane zeCOB zihlala iiyure ezingama-50,000 ukuya kwi-100,000, nto leyo ezenza zibe namandla kwaye zithembeke.
Zithini ii-COB LEDs?
Inkcazo kunye neZiseko ze-COB LEDs
I-COB LED, isifinyezo se-Chip on Board, imele inkqubela phambili yanamhlanje kubuchwepheshe be-LED. Ibandakanya ukufaka iitships ezininzi ze-LED ngqo kwi-substrate enye, ukudala imodyuli yokukhanyisa encinci nesebenzayo. Olu yilo luphucula umbane ophumayo ngelixa kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngokungafaniyo nee-LED ze-SMD zemveli, ii-COB LED zineentlobo ngeentlobo zeetships ezivelisa ukukhanya okufanayo nokungenakukhanya. Ulawulo lwazo lobushushu oluphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kuzenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha, iziboniso zorhwebo, kunye nokukhanya kwangaphandle.
Ulwakhiwo kunye noYilo lweTekhnoloji ye-COB
Ulwakhiwo lwetekhnoloji ye-COB lwenzelwe ukusebenza kakuhle. Iitships ze-LED zibekwe ngokuqinileyo kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo eguquguqukayo (FPCB), enciphisa amanqaku okusilela kwaye iqinisekise ukukhanya okuhlala kuhleli. Iitships ziqhagamshelwe ngaxeshanye kwaye zilandelelana, zivumela ukukhanya ukuba kuhlale kusebenza nokuba ezinye iitships ziyasilela. Uxinano oluphezulu lweetships, oludla ngokufikelela kwiitships ezingama-480 ngemitha, lususa amabala amnyama kwaye lubonelela ngokusasazwa kokukhanya okungenamthungo. Ukongeza, ii-COB LED zibonelela nge-engile ebanzi ye-180-degree beam, eqinisekisa ukukhanya okukhulu nokulinganayo.
| Uphawu | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| Isiphumo sokukhanya esifanayo | Inika ukukhanya okubonakalayo rhoqo ngaphandle kwamachaphaza abonakalayo, nto leyo ephucula ubuhle. |
| Uyilo lweSekethe | Iitships zinamathele ngqo kwi-FPCB, nto leyo enciphisa amanqaku anokungaphumeleli. |
| Uqwalaselo lweChip | Uqhagamshelo oluhambelanayo nolulandelayo luqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle nokuba kukho ukusilela kweetshiphusi. |
| Uxinano lweChip ephezulu | Ukuya kuthi ga kwiitships ezingama-480 ngemitha nganye, okuthintela iindawo ezimnyama nokuqinisekisa ukukhanya okufanayo. |
| I-engile ekhuphayo ebanzi | I-engile yemitha ye-180-degree yokusasazwa okubanzi nokulinganayo kokukhanya. |
Kutheni ii-COB LEDs ziyimpumelelo ekukhanyeni
Ii-COB LED zitshintshe uyilo lokukhanyisa ngokubonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle, ukuthembeka, kunye nokusebenza okuphuculweyo. Ngokungafaniyo nee-LED zemveli, ii-COB LED zisebenzisa inkqubo yokuvelisa elungelelanisiweyo apho iitships zithengiswa ngqo kwi-FPCB, nto leyo ephucula uzinzo kunye nokuchithwa kobushushu. Zibonelela ngokukhanya okuthe ngqo endaweni yokukhanya okuya kwindawo enye, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhanyeni kwendalo kunye nokufanayo. Nge-Color Rendering Index (CRI) edla ngokuba ngaphezulu kwama-97, ii-COB LED zibonelela ngokukhanya okuphezulu, nto leyo ezenze zilungele usetyenziso olufuna ukuchaneka kombala ophezulu. Ukukwazi kwazo ukudibanisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka okugqwesileyo kuzenze zaba lukhetho olukhethwayo kwizisombululo zokukhanyisa zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo.
| Umbono | Ii-LED zemveli | Ii-LED ze-COB |
|---|---|---|
| Inkqubo yoMveliso | Iitships ze-SMD ezine-holder soldering | Iitships zithengiswa ngqo kwi-FPC |
| Uzinzo | Uzinzo olusezantsi | Uzinzo oluphuculweyo |
| Ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu | Ukusebenza kakuhle | Ukusasazwa kobushushu okuphezulu |
| Uhlobo lokukhanyisa | Inqaku ukuya kwelinye | Izibane ezithe tyaba |
Indlela ii-COB LEDs eziphucula ngayo ukukhanya
Isiphumo seLumen ephezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle
Ii-COB LED zinika ukukhanya okugqwesileyo ngenxa yoyilo lwazo olutsha. Ngokudibanisa iitships ezininzi ze-LED kwimodyuli enye, zifezekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kokukhanya, zivelisa ukukhanya okungakumbi nge-watt nganye yamandla asetyenzisiweyo. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kuzenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa okufuna ukukhanya okukhulu, okufanaIzibane zekhempi ze-COB.
- Iingenelo eziphambili ze-COB LEDs:
- Ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu kokukhanya xa kuthelekiswa neemodyuli ze-LED zemveli.
- Ukukhanya okuphezulu ngenxa yokulungelelaniswa kwazo okuncinci nokuxineneyo kwe-chip.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuphantsi, kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngexesha lemisebenzi yangaphandle.
| Uphawu | Ii-LED ze-COB | Ii-LED zemveli |
|---|---|---|
| Ukusebenza kakuhle okukhanyayo | Iphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yoyilo olutsha | Iphantsi ngenxa yamanyathelo okuvelisa |
| Ukukhanya okuphumayo | Ukukhanya okwandisiweyo | Ukukhanya okuqhelekileyo |
Ezi mpawu ziqinisekisa ukuba izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zibonelela ngokukhanya okuthembekileyo nokunamandla, nokuba kwindawo emnyama kakhulu.
Ukusasazwa kokukhanya okufanayo ukuze kukhanyiswe ngcono
Uyilo lwesakhiwo se-COB LEDs luqinisekisa ukusasazwa kokukhanya okufanayo, kususa amabala amnyama kunye nokukhanya okuqaqambileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nee-LED zemveli, ezihlala zivelisa ukukhanya okuya kwindawo enye, ii-COB LEDs zenza umqadi ongenamthungo nobanzi. Oku kufana kuphucula ukubonakala, okwenza ukuba zisebenze ngakumbi kwiindawo zangaphandle.
- Iingenelo zokusasazwa kokukhanya okufanayo:
- Ukukhanya okuhlala kuhleli kwiindawo ezibanzi.
- Ukunciphisa ukukhanya, okuphucula intuthuzelo xa uyisebenzisa ixesha elide.
- Ubuhle obuphuculweyo ngenxa yokungabikho kwamachaphaza okukhanya abonakalayo.
Olu phawu lwenzaIzibane zekhempi ze-COBlukhetho oluhle kakhulu lokukhanyisa iindawo ezinkulu, ezinje ngeendawo zokukhempisha okanye iindlela zokuhamba ngeenyawo, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokulula kwabo bathanda ukuphuma ngaphandle.
Ukulahlekelwa kwamandla okuncitshisiweyo kunye nokuveliswa kobushushu
Ii-COB LED zibalasele ekulawuleni ubushushu, zinciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla kunye nokuveliswa kobushushu. Uyilo lwazo luquka iindlela eziphambili zokusasaza ubushushu, ezifana nezitshisi zobushushu ze-aluminium alloy, ezithutha ubushushu ngokufanelekileyo kude neetships ze-LED. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko wokushisa kakhulu kwaye kwandise ubomi bemodyuli yokukhanyisa.
| Umbono | Iinkcukacha |
|---|---|
| Umsebenzi weSinki yoBushushu | Idlulisela ubushushu kude ne-PCB ukuthintela ukwakheka kobushushu. |
| Izixhobo zokuqhuba | I-aluminium alloy iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kobushushu okuphezulu (malunga ne-190 W/mk). |
| Ubushushu beJunction | Amaqondo obushushu aphantsi abonisa ulawulo oluphezulu lobushushu. |
Ngokugcina amaqondo obushushu aphantsi okusebenza, izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zibonelela ngokusebenza rhoqo kunye nokuqina, nto leyo ezenza zibe ngumhlobo othembekileyo wohambo olude lwangaphandle.
Izibane ze-COB Camping vs. ii-LED zemveli
Uthelekiso lokukhanya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla
Izibane zekhempi ze-COBZiphumelela kakhulu ii-LED zemveli ngokukhanya nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla. Uyilo lwazo olutsha ludibanisa ii-diode ezininzi kwimodyuli enye, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zisebenze kakuhle kakhulu. Ngelixa ii-LED zemveli zivelisa ii-lumens ezingama-20 ukuya kuma-50 nge-watt nganye, ii-COB LED zinokufikelela kwi-100 lumens nge-watt nganye, zibonelela ngokukhanya okukhanyayo ngokusetyenziswa kwamandla amancinci. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kwenza izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zilungele ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle ixesha elide, apho ukugcina ubomi bebhetri kubalulekile.
| Uphawu | Ii-LED ze-COB | Ii-LED zemveli |
|---|---|---|
| Inani leeDiode | Iidiode ezili-9 nangaphezulu ngetshiphu nganye | Iidiode ezi-3 (i-SMD), idiode e-1 (i-DIP) |
| Isiphumo seLumen ngeWatt nganye | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 lumens nge-watt nganye | Iilumens ezingama-20-50 nge-watt nganye |
| Izinga lokusilela | Iphantsi ngenxa yokuba amalungu e-solder ambalwa | Iphezulu ngenxa yokuba kukho amalungu amaninzi e-solder |
Ii-COB LEDs zikwagqwesa ekukhanyeni okufanayo nasekuchithekeni kobushushu. Ukukhanya kwazo okungenamthungo kususa amachaphaza abonakalayo, kudala amava okukhanya akhululekileyo. Inkqubo yokulawula ubushushu ephucukileyo iqinisekisa ukusebenza rhoqo, nokuba kusetyenziswe ixesha elide.
| Uphawu | I-COB LED | I-SMD LED |
|---|---|---|
| Ukusebenza Okukhanyayo | Iilumens eziphezulu/W | Iilumens ezisezantsi/W |
| Ukukhanya Okufanayo | Akukho mthungo | Amachaphaza |
| Ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu | Igqwesile | Iphakathi |
Uyilo oluNcinci kunye noMgangatho woKhanya oPhuculweyo
Uyilo oluncinci lwee-COB LEDs luzenza zahluke kwizisombululo zokukhanya zemveli. Ngokufaka iitships ezininzi kwi-substrate enye, ii-COB LEDs zifumana isakhiwo esilungelelanisiweyo esinciphisa ubukhulu ngelixa ziphucula ukusebenza. Olu yilo luvumela izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha ukuba zinike umgangatho wokukhanya ophezulu, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okukhanyayo okusukela kwi-80 ukuya kwi-120 lm/W kwiimodeli ezisemgangathweni kunye nokudlula i-150 lm/W kwiindidi zokusebenza okuphezulu.
| Inkcazo | Iinkcukacha |
|---|---|
| Ukusebenza kakuhle okukhanyayo | I-80 ukuya kwi-120 lm/W kwiimodeli eziqhelekileyo; iimodeli ezisebenza kakuhle zidlula i-150 lm/W; iimodeli zesizukulwana sesithandathu zidlula i-184 lm/W. |
| Isalathiso sokuBoniswa koMbala (i-CRI) | Amaxabiso aqhelekileyo e-CRI aphakathi kwama-80 nama-90; kukho iintlobo ze-CRI eziphezulu (90+ okanye 95+) kwizicelo ezifuna kakhulu. |
| Umsebenzi wobomi | Iiyure ezingama-50,000 ukuya kwi-100,000, nto leyo elingana neminyaka eli-17 xa isetyenziswa iiyure ezisi-8 ngosuku. |
| Ulawulo lobushushu | Ukupholisa okungasebenziyo ngeesinki zobushushu ze-aluminium; ukupholisa okusebenzayo kwizicelo ezinamandla aphezulu. |
Ii-COB LED zikwabonelela ngomgangatho wokukhanya ophuculiweyo, kunye ne-Color Rendering Index (CRI) engama-80 ukuya kuma-90 kwiimodeli eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-95 kwiindidi ze-CRI ephezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukumelwa kombala ngokuchanekileyo, okwenza izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zilungele imisebenzi yangaphandle efuna ukubonakala ngokucacileyo.
Ukuqina kunye nobude bexesha lezibane zekhampi ze-COB
Izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zenzelwe ukuqina nokuphila ixesha elide, nto leyo ezenza zibe ngamaqabane athembekileyo kwiihambo zangaphandle. Uyilo lwazo lolwakhiwo luphucula ukukhanya kunye nokufana, kunye neendlela zokukhanya okuphezulu ezifikelela kwi-2000 lumens ngemitha. Ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo lwee-COB LEDs luzivumela ukuba zikwazi ukumelana neemeko ezinzima, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza rhoqo kwiindawo ezinzima.
Umzekelo, iGearlight Camping Lantern isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili beCOB LED ukubonelela ngokukhanya okumhlophe okukhanyayo okuzii-degrees ezingama-360. Uyilo lwayo oluhlala ixesha elide luqinisekisa ubomi obude, kunye neeCOB LED ezihlala phakathi kweeyure ezingama-50,000 kunye ne-100,000. Olu bude bulingana neminyaka eli-17 yokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, okwenza izibane zeCOB camping zibe lukhetho olungabizi kakhulu nolunokuthenjwa kubantu abathanda ukuphuma ngaphandle.
Iingenelo zezibane zeCOB zokukhempisha kwimisebenzi yangaphandle
Ukubonakala Okuphuculweyo Kwiimeko Eziphantsi Kokukhanya
Izibane zekhempi ze-COBzibonelela ngokubonakala okumangalisayo kwiindawo ezinokukhanya okuphantsi, nto leyo ezenza zibe yimfuneko kwimisebenzi yangaphandle. Uyilo lwazo oluphambili luqinisekisa ukusasazwa kokukhanya okufanayo, lususa amabala amnyama kunye nokukhanya okuqaqambileyo. Olu phawu luphucula ukhuseleko kunye nokulula ngexesha leehambo zasebusuku, ezinje ngokuhamba intaba, ukukhempisha, okanye ukuloba. Ukukhanya okuphezulu kwe-COB LEDs kuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzisi banokuhamba kwiindlela, bamise iintente, okanye bapheke ukutya ngokulula, nokuba kumnyama ngokupheleleyo. I-engile ebanzi yemitha iphucula ngakumbi ukukhanya, igubungela iindawo ezinkulu kwaye iqinisekisa ukukhanya okufanayo kuyo yonke indawo yokukhempisha.
Ubomi bebhetri obongezelelweyo kwiihambo ezinde
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kwezibane ze-COB camping kwandisa ubomi bebhetri, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zilungele ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle ixesha elide. Ezi zibane zisebenzisa amandla amancinci ngelixa zikhanyisa kakhulu, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kuhambo olude. Izibane ezininzi ze-COB camping zineebhetri ze-lithium-ion ezinokutshajwa kwakhona ezinomthamo omkhulu, zibonelela ngamaxesha okusebenza amangalisayo.
| Uphawu | Iinkcukacha |
|---|---|
| Umthamo webhetri | Umthamo omkhulu |
| Ixesha Lokusebenza | Ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezili-10,000 |
| Umsebenzi wobomi | iiyure ezili-10,000 |
Ukongeza, izibane ze-COB camping zibonelela ngoseto oluninzi lokukhanya ukuze kusetyenziswe amandla kakuhle. Umzekelo, kwizicwangciso eziphezulu, zinokusebenza ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezi-5, ngelixa izicwangciso eziphakathi nezisezantsi zandisa amaxesha okusebenza ukuya kwiiyure ezili-15 kunye neeyure ezingama-45, ngokulandelelana.
| Uphawu | Iinkcukacha |
|---|---|
| Ixesha Eliqhelekileyo Lokubaleka (Eliphezulu) | Ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezi-5 |
| Ixesha Eliqhelekileyo Lokusebenza (Eliphakathi) | iiyure ezili-15 |
| Ixesha Eliqhelekileyo Lokubaleka (Eliphantsi) | iiyure ezingama-45 |
| Uhlobo Lwebhetri | I-lithium-ion eyi-4800 mAh etshajwayo |
Obu bomi bebhetri bude buqinisekisa ukuba abantu abanomdla banokuthembela kwizibane zabo ze-COB zokukhempisha ukuze bakhanyise ngaphandle kokutshaja rhoqo okanye ukutshintsha iibhetri.
Uyilo oluKhawulezayo noluThuthwayo ukuze kube lula ukuluthwala
Izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zenzelwe ukuphatheka lula, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuziphatha ngexesha lemisebenzi yangaphandle. Ulwakhiwo lwazo olukhaphukhaphu lunciphisa umthwalo kubasebenzisi, nto leyo ebavumela ukuba bagxile kwiindlela zabo zokuzonwabisa. Umzekelo, ezinye izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zinobunzima obumalunga ne-157.4 grams kwaye zinobukhulu obuncinci obuyi-215 × 50 × 40mm. Oku kuzenza ziphatheke lula kwaye kube lula ukuzipakisha.
- Iuyilo olukhaphukhaphu, enobunzima obuyi-650 grams kuphela kwezinye iimodeli, iqinisekisa ukuba ifanelekile ukuhamba intaba okanye uhambo lokukhempisha.
- Iimpawu ezifana nesiseko semagnethi kunye neehoko ezihlengahlengiswayo ziphucula ukusetyenziswa, zivumela izibane ukuba zinamathele ngokukhuselekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo okanye zixhonywe kwiitente.
Ezi zinto zoyilo zenza izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zibe lukhetho oluhle kakhulu kubantu abathanda izinto zangaphandle ababeka phambili ukulula nokusebenza kwazo.
Izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zitshintshe ukukhanya kwangaphandle ngoyilo lwazo olutsha kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili. Ngokunikezela ngokukhanya okungaphezulu ngama-50%, ziqinisekisa ukubonakala okuphezulu kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi. Ukusebenza kwazo ngendlela eyonga amandla kwandisa ubomi bebhetri, okwenza zibe zilungele uhambo olude. Isakhiwo esincinci nesikhaphukhaphu siphucula ukuthwaleka, sihlangabezana neemfuno zabantu abakhempisha banamhlanje. Ezi mpawu zenza izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kubantu abathanda ngaphandle abafuna izisombululo zokukhanya ezithembekileyo nezisebenza kakuhle.
FAQ
1. Yintoni eyenza ii-COB LEDs zisebenzise amandla amaninzi kunee-LED zemveli?
Ii-LED ze-COB zidityaniswe neetships ezininzi kwimodyuli enye, zinciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla. Uyilo lwazo oluncinci lunciphisa ukuveliswa kobushushu, luqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kokukhanya. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kuvumela izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha ukuba zivelise ukukhanya okukhanyayo ngelixa zisebenzisa amandla amancinci, nto leyo ezenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle ixesha elide.
2. Zihlala ixesha elingakanani izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha?
Izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zinobomi obumangalisayo, zihlala ziqala kwiiyure ezingama-50,000 ukuya kwi-100,000. Oku kuhlala ixesha elide kuthetha ukuba zisetyenziswa phantse iminyaka eli-17 imihla ngemihla kwiiyure ezisi-8 ngosuku, okuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwexesha elide kwabo bathanda ukuphuma ngaphandle.
3. Ngaba izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zifanelekile kwiimeko zemozulu ezimandundu?
Ewe, izibane ze-COB zenzelwe ukuqina. Ulwakhiwo lwazo oluqinileyo kunye nolawulo oluphezulu lobushushu luzivumela ukuba zikwaziyenza ngokuqhubekayokwiindawo ezinzima, kuquka amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo kunye neendawo ezirhabaxa. Oku kubenza babe lukhetho oluthembekileyo lohambo lwangaphandle.
4. Ngaba izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zingasetyenziselwa ezinye iinjongo ngaphandle kokukhempisha?
Inene! Izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zinokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye zifanelekile kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza. Zinokukhanyisa iindawo zokusebenza, zisebenze njengezibane zongxamiseko ngexesha lokucima kombane, okanye zibonelele ngokukhanyisa kwimicimbi yangaphandle. Ukuphatheka kwazo kunye nokukhanya kwazo kuzenza zibe sisisombululo esisebenzayo kwiimeko ezininzi.
5. Ngaba izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zifuna ukulungiswa okukhethekileyo?
Izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha azifuni ukugcinwa rhoqo. Ukucoca iilensi rhoqo nokuqinisekisa ukunakekelwa kwebhetri ngokufanelekileyo kuya kuzigcina zisebenza kakuhle. Uyilo lwazo oluphambili kunye nezixhobo ezihlala ixesha elide zinciphisa isidingo sokulungiswa rhoqo okanye ukutshintshwa, nto leyo enika amava omsebenzisi angenangxaki.
Ixesha leposi: Epreli-11-2025
