Izibane zenkampu ziye zatshintsha kakhulu ngokufika kwee-COB LEDs. Ezi modyuli zokukhanyisa eziphambili zidibanisa iichips ezininzi ze-LED zibe yiyunithi enye, edibeneyo. Olu yilo lwenza ukuba izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zinike ukukhanya okungaqhelekanga, ukwandisa ukukhanya ngama-50% xa kuthelekiswa nokhetho lwemveli. Ukukhutshwa kwe-lumen ephezulu kuqinisekisa ukubonakala okungcono, nakwiisetingi zangaphandle ezimnyama. Ukongeza, itekhnoloji eyonga amandla inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, okwenza ezi zibane zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwangaphandle. Uyilo lwabo olutsha ludibanisa ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, ukubonelela ngentsebenzo engenakuthelekiswa nanto kubantu abakhempisayo kunye nabahambi ngokufanayo.
Izinto eziphambili zokuThatha
- Ii-COB ze-LED zenzaizibane zokukhempisha ziqaqambe ngama-50%., kukunceda ubone ngcono ebumnyameni.
- Basebenzisa amandla amancinci, ngoko ke iibhetri zihlala ixesha elide ngexesha lohambo.
- Izibane zeCOB zisasaza ukukhanya ngokulinganayo, zisusa amabala amnyama kunye nemitha yokhuseleko kunye nentuthuzelo.
- Uyilo lwabo oluncinci kunye nokukhanya lubenzakulula ukuthwala abakhempisi.
- Izibane zeCOB zihlala iiyure ezingama-50,000 ukuya kwi-100,000, zibenza bomelele kwaye bathembeke.
Ziziphi ii-COB LEDs?
Inkcazo kunye neSiseko se-COB LEDs
I-COB LED, emfutshane kwi-Chip kwiBhodi, imele ukuqhubela phambili kwangoku kwi-teknoloji ye-LED. Ibandakanya ukunyuswa kwee-chips ezininzi ze-LED ngokuthe ngqo kwi-substrate enye, ukudala imodyuli edibeneyo kunye neyokukhanya yokukhanyisa. Olu yilo luphucula ukuphuma kokukhanya ngelixa kuncitshiswa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngokungafaniyo nee-LED zemveli ze-SMD, ii-COB ze-COB zibonakalisa uluhlu olusondeleyo lwee-chips ezivelisa iyunifomu kunye nokukhanya okungenakukhanya. Ulawulo lwabo oluphezulu lobushushu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kubenza bafaneleke kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya izibane zeenkampu zeCOB, iziboniso zorhwebo, kunye nezibane zangaphandle.
Ubume kunye noYilo lweTekhnoloji yeCOB
Ubume betekhnoloji ye-COB yenzelwe ukusebenza kakuhle. Iichips ze-LED zicwangciswe ngokuxineneyo kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo (FPCB), enciphisa amanqaku angaphumeleli kwaye iqinisekise ukukhanya okuhambelanayo. Iichips ziqhagamshelwe ngokuhambelanayo kunye nothotho, zivumela ukukhanya ukuba kuhlale kusebenza nokuba ezinye iitshiphusi ziyasilela. Uxinaniso lwetshiphu ephezulu, ehlala ifikelela kwi-480 chips ngemitha nganye, isusa amabala amnyama kwaye ibonelela ngokukhanya okungenamthungo. Ukongeza, ii-COB LEDs zibonelela nge-angle ebanzi ye-180-degree beam, eqinisekisa ukwanda kunye nokukhanya.
| Uphawu | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| IsiPhumo sokuKhanya esifanayo | Ibonelela ngembonakalo yokukhanya engaguqukiyo ngaphandle kwamachaphaza abonakalayo, iphucula i-aesthetics. |
| Uyilo lweSekethe | Ii-chips zifakwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-FPCB, ukunciphisa iindawo ezinokuthi zingaphumeleli. |
| Uqwalaselo lweChip | Uqhagamshelo oluhambelanayo kunye noluhlu luqinisekisa ukusebenza nokuba kukusilela kwetshiphu. |
| Ukuxinana kweChip ephezulu | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-480 chips ngemitha nganye, ukuthintela iindawo ezimnyama kunye nokuqinisekisa ukukhanya okufanayo. |
| I-engile yokukhupha ebanzi | I-angle ye-180-degree beam yokwandisa kunye nokusabalalisa ukukhanya. |
Kutheni ii-COB ze-LED ziyimpumelelo ekuKhanyeni
Ii-COB ze-LED ziye zaluguqula uyilo lokukhanyisa ngokunika ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuthembeka, kunye nokusebenza okuphuculweyo. Ngokungafaniyo nee-LED zemveli, ii-LED ze-COB zisebenzisa inkqubo yokuvelisa elungelelanisiweyo apho iichips zithengiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-FPCB, ukuphucula ukuzinza kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu. Bahambisa izibane ezinqamlekileyo endaweni yokukhanya kwe-point-to-point, okukhokelela ekukhanyeni kwendalo kunye nokufana okufanayo. Nge-Index Rendering Index (CRI) ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphezu kwe-97, ii-COB ze-COB zibonelela ngomgangatho ophezulu wokukhanya, okwenza kube lula kwizicelo ezifuna ukuchaneka kombala ophezulu. Ukukwazi kwabo ukudibanisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokuthembeka okugqwesileyo kuye kwabenza ukhetho olukhethiweyo kuzo zombini izisombululo zokukhanyisa zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo.
| Umba | Ii-LED zemveli | Ii-COB LEDs |
|---|---|---|
| Inkqubo yokuVelisa | Iitshiphusi ze-SMD ezine-soldering yesibambi | Iichips ezithengiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiFPC |
| Uzinzo | Uzinzo oluphantsi | Ukuphuculwa kozinzo |
| Ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu | Ukusebenza kancinci | Ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu obuphezulu |
| Uhlobo lokukhanyisa | Yalatha-kwinqaku | Izibane zomgca |
Indlela ii-COB LEDs eziphucula ngayo ukuKhanya

Isiphumo seLumen ePhakamileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle
Ii-COB ze-LED zizisa ukukhanya okungaqhelekanga ngenxa yoyilo lwazo olutsha. Ngokudibanisa iitshiphusi ezininzi ze-LED kwimodyuli enye, bafezekisa ukusebenza okukhanyayo okuphezulu, ukuvelisa ukukhanya okungakumbi nge-watt yamandla asetyenzisiweyo. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kubenza bafaneleke kwizicelo ezifuna ukukhanya okukhulu, njengeIzibane zeenkampu zeCOB.
- Iinzuzo eziphambili zeCOB LEDs:
- Ukusebenza okuphezulu kokukhanya xa kuthelekiswa neemodyuli ze-LED zendabuko.
- Ukuqaqamba okwandisiweyo ngenxa yolungiselelo lwazo lwetshiphu ezixineneyo.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngexesha lemisebenzi yangaphandle.
| Uphawu | Ii-COB LEDs | Ii-LED zemveli |
|---|---|---|
| Ubuchule obuqaqambileyo | Ephakamileyo ngenxa yoyilo oluyilayo | Ngaphantsi ngenxa yamanyathelo okuvelisa |
| Ukukhanya okuPhumayo | Ukuqaqamba okwandisiweyo | Ukukhanya okusemgangathweni |
Ezi mpawu ziqinisekisa ukuba izibane zeenkampu ze-COB zibonelela ngokhanyiso oluthembekileyo nolunamandla, nakweyona ndawo imnyama kakhulu.
Ukusasazwa kokuKhanya okufanayo ukwenzela uKhanya olungcono
Uyilo lwesakhiwo se-COB LEDs luqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya okufanayo, ukuphelisa amabala amnyama kunye ne-glare. Ngokungafaniyo nee-LED zemveli, ezihlala zivelisa ukukhanya-kuya-point, ii-COB ze-COB zenza i-beam engenamthungo kunye nokwandisa. Oku kufana kwandisa ukubonakala, kubenze basebenze ngokukodwa kwiisethingi zangaphandle.
- Iinzuzo zokusabalalisa ukukhanya okufanayo:
- Ukukhanya okuhambelanayo kwiindawo ezibanzi.
- Ukunciphisa ukukhanya, ukuphucula induduzo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa ixesha elide.
- I-aesthetics eyandisiweyo ngenxa yokungabikho kwamachaphaza okukhanya okubonakalayo.
Olu phawu lwenzaIzibane zeenkampu zeCOBukhetho olugqwesileyo lokukhanyisa izithuba ezinkulu, ezifana neenkampu okanye iindlela zokuhamba, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokulula kubantu abathanda ngaphandle.
UkuNcitshiswa kokuLahla kwamandla kunye nokuVeliswa koBushushu
Ii-COB ze-LED zigqwesa kulawulo lwe-thermal, ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla kunye nokuveliswa kobushushu. Uyilo lwabo lubandakanya iindlela eziphambili zokulahla ubushushu, ezinje nge-aluminium alloy heat sinks, ehambisa ngokufanelekileyo ubushushu kude neechips ze-LED. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko wokushisa kunye nokwandisa ubomi bemodyuli yokukhanyisa.
| Umba | Iinkcukacha |
|---|---|
| Umsebenzi weSink yobushushu | Uhambisa ubushushu kude kwi-PCB ukunqanda ukwakhiwa kwe-thermal. |
| Izinto zokuqhuba | I-aluminium alloy iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal ephezulu (malunga ne-190 W / mk). |
| Ubushushu beJunction | Amaqondo obushushu asezantsi abonisa ulawulo oluphezulu lobushushu. |
Ngokugcina amaqondo obushushu asezantsi okusebenza, izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zibonelela ngokusebenza okufanayo kunye nokuqina, zibenza babe liqabane elithembekileyo kuhambo olwandisiweyo lwangaphandle.
I-COB Camping Lights vs. Ii-LED zeMveli

UkuKhanya kunye nokuFaneka ngokuSebenza kwamandla
Izibane zeenkampu zeCOBzigqithise ii-LED zemveli ngokuqaqamba kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla. Uyilo lwabo olutsha ludibanisa iidiode ezininzi kwimodyuli enye, ivumela ukusebenza okukhanyayo okuphezulu. Ngelixa ii-LED zemveli zivelisa i-lumens ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingama-50 ngewathi nganye, ii-COB ze-COB zinokufikelela kwi-lumens ezili-100 ngewathi nganye, zizisa ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kancinane. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kwenza izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zilungele ukusetyenziswa okwandisiweyo ngaphandle, apho ukugcina ubomi bebhetri kubalulekile.
| Uphawu | Ii-COB LEDs | Ii-LED zemveli |
|---|---|---|
| Inani leeDiode | Iidiode ezili-9 okanye ngaphezulu kwitshiphu nganye | Iidiode ezi-3 (SMD), i-1 diode (DIP) |
| Imveliso yeLumen ngeWatt nganye | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 lumens ngewathi nganye | 20-50 lumens nge watt nganye |
| Inqanaba lokusilela | Isezantsi ngenxa yokuncipha kwamalungu e-solder | Ephakamileyo ngenxa yamalungu amaninzi e-solder |
Ii-COB ze-LED zikwagqwesa ekuphumeni kokukhanya okufanayo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu. Ukukhanya kwabo okungenamthungo kuphelisa amachaphaza abonakalayo, kudala amava okukhanya akhululekileyo. Inkqubo yolawulo lwe-thermal ephezulu iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhambelanayo, nangona ngexesha lokusetyenziswa ixesha elide.
| Uphawu | COB LED | SMD LED |
|---|---|---|
| Ukusebenza okukhanyayo | Ilumens ephezulu/W | Ilumens esezantsi/W |
| UkuKhanya okuPhumayo okufanayo | Ayinamthungo | Ichaphaziwe |
| Ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu | Egqwesileyo | Phakathi |
Uyilo oluQhelekileyo kunye noMgangatho wokuKhanya owongezelelweyo
Uyilo oludityanisiweyo lwee-COB ze-LED lubenza bahluke kwizisombululo zokukhanyisa eziqhelekileyo. Ngokufaka iichips ezininzi kwi-substrate enye, ii-COB ze-LED zifezekisa isakhiwo esilungelelanisiweyo esinciphisa ubuninzi ngelixa siphucula ukusebenza. Olu luyilo luvumela izibane ze-COB zenkampu ukuba zinikeze umgangatho wokukhanya ophezulu, kunye nokusebenza okukhanyayo ukusuka kwi-80 ukuya kwi-120 lm / W kwiimodeli eziqhelekileyo kunye nokugqithisa i-150 lm / W kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza eziphezulu.
| Inkcazo | Iinkcukacha |
|---|---|
| Ubuchule obuqaqambileyo | I-80 ukuya kwi-120 lm / W kwiimodeli eziqhelekileyo; iimodeli eziphezulu zokusebenza zidlula i-150 lm / W; imifuziselo yesizukulwana sesithandathu idlula i-184 lm/W. |
| Isalathiso sokuBonelelwa koMbala (CRI) | Amaxabiso e-CRI asemgangathweni phakathi kwe-80 kunye ne-90; Ukwahluka kwe-CRI ephezulu ekhoyo (90+ okanye 95+) kwizicelo ezifunayo. |
| Umsebenzi wobomi | Iiyure ezingama-50,000 ukuya kwi-100,000, ezilingana neminyaka eyi-17 kwiiyure ezisi-8 zokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla. |
| Ulawulo lweThermal | Ukupholisa okungahambiyo ngeesinki zobushushu ze-aluminiyam; Ukupholisa okusebenzayo kwizicelo zamandla aphezulu. |
Ii-LED ze-COB nazo zibonelela ngomgangatho wokukhanya ophuculweyo, kunye ne-Color Rendering Index (CRI) ye-80 ukuya kwi-90 kwiimodeli eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-95 kwiintlobo eziphezulu ze-CRI. Oku kuqinisekisa ukumelwa kombala okuchanekileyo, okwenza izibane ze-COB zenkampu zilungele imisebenzi yangaphandle efuna ukubonakala okucacileyo.
Ukuqina kunye noBude be-COB Camping Lights
Izibane ze-COB zenkampu ziyilelwe ukuhlala ixesha elide kunye nokuphila ixesha elide, zibenza babe ngamaqabane athembekileyo ohambo lwangaphandle. Uyilo lwabo lolwakhiwo luphucula ukukhanya kunye nokufana, kunye neendlela zokukhanya eziphezulu ezifikelela kwi-2000 lumens ngemitha nganye. Ulwakhiwo olomeleleyo lwe-COB LED lubavumela ukuba bamelane neemeko ezinqabileyo, baqinisekise ukusebenza okungaguqukiyo kwiindawo ezinomngeni.
I-Gearlight Camping Lantern, umzekelo, isebenzisa iteknoloji ye-COB ye-LED ephezulu ukubonelela nge-360 degrees yokukhanya okukhanyayo, okumhlophe. Uyilo lwayo oluhlala luhlala luqinisekisa ubomi obude, kunye ne-COB LEDs ezihlala phakathi kwe-50,000 kunye ne-100,000 iiyure. Obu bude bobomi bulingana neminyaka eli-17 yokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla, ukwenza izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zibe lukhetho olungabizi kakhulu nolunokuthenjwa kubantu abathanda ngaphandle.
Izibonelelo zeCOB Camping Lights for Outdoor Activity
Ukuphuculwa kokubonakala kweeMeko zokukhanya okuphantsi
Izibane zeenkampu zeCOBbonelela ngokubonakala okukhethekileyo kwiindawo ezinokukhanya okuphantsi, okwenza ukuba zibe yimfuneko kwimisebenzi yangaphandle. Uyilo lwabo oluphezulu luqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya okufanayo, ukuphelisa amabala amnyama kunye ne-glare. Olu phawu longeza ukhuseleko kunye nokulula ngexesha lokuhamba ebusuku, njengokuhamba intaba, ukukhempisha, okanye ukuloba. Ukukhutshwa kwe-lumen ephezulu ye-COB LEDs iqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzisi banokuhamba ngeendlela, bamise iintente, okanye bapheke ukutya ngokulula, nokuba kubumnyama obupheleleyo. I-engile ebanzi yomqadi iphucula ngakumbi ukukhanya, igquma iindawo ezinkulu kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuqaqamba okungaguquguqukiyo kuyo yonke inkampu.
Ubomi bebhetri obandisiweyo kwiiNdawo ezinde
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kwezibane ze-COB zokukhempisha kwandisa kakhulu ubomi bebhetri, kubenze balungele ukusetyenziswa ixesha elide ngaphandle. Ezi zibane zisebenzisa amandla amancinci ngelixa zihambisa ukukhanya okuphezulu, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kulo lonke uhambo olwandisiweyo. Izibane ezininzi ze-COB zokukhempisha zibonakalisa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ezitshajekayo ezinomthamo omkhulu, ezibonelela ngamaxesha asebenzayo.
| Uphawu | Iinkcukacha |
|---|---|
| Umthamo webhetri | Umthamo omkhulu |
| Ixesha lokusebenza | Ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezingama-10,000 |
| Umsebenzi wobomi | Iiyure ezingama-10,000 |
Ukongeza, izibane zeenkampu ze-COB zibonelela ngoseto lokuqaqamba okuninzi ukuze kunyuswe ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngokomzekelo, kwiisetingi eziphezulu, banokubaleka ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezi-5, ngelixa iisetingi eziphakathi neziphantsi zandisa amaxesha okusebenza ukuya kwii-15 kunye neeyure ze-45, ngokulandelanayo.
| Uphawu | Iinkcukacha |
|---|---|
| Ixesha eliphakathi lokubaleka (Phezulu) | Ukuya kwiiyure ze-5 |
| Ixesha eli-avareji lokubaleka (Phakathi) | iiyure ezili-15 |
| Ixesha eliphakathi lokubaleka (Phantsi) | iiyure ezingama-45 |
| Uhlobo Lwebhetri | Itshajwa kwakhona 4800 mAh lithium-ion |
Obu bomi bebhetri bandisiweyo buqinisekisa ukuba abahambi banokuthembela kwizibane zabo ze-COB zokukhempisha ukuze zikhanyise ngaphandle kokutshaja rhoqo okanye ukutshintshwa kwebhetri.
Uyilo oluKhaphukhaphu kunye noluphathekayo lokuThwalaza ngokulula
Izibane ze-COB zenkampu ziyilwe ngokuphatheka engqondweni, zizenza kube lula ukuzithwala ngexesha lemisebenzi yangaphandle. Ukwakhiwa kwabo okukhaphukhaphu kunciphisa umthwalo kubasebenzisi, kubavumela ukuba bagxile kwii-adventures zabo. Umzekelo, ezinye izibane ze-COB zenkampu zinobunzima obumalunga ne-157.4 grams kwaye zibonakalisa imilinganiselo ehlangeneyo ye-215 × 50 × 40mm. Oku kuzenza zithwaleke kakhulu kwaye zilungele ukupakishwa.
- Iuyilo olulula, enobunzima be-650 grams kuphela kwezinye iimodeli, iqinisekisa ukufaneleka kokuhamba okude okanye ukuhamba kweenkampu.
- Iimpawu ezinje ngesiseko semagnethi kunye neehuku ezilungelelanisiweyo zongeza ukusebenziseka, zivumela izibane ukuba zincanyathiselwe ngokukhuselekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo okanye zixhonywe ezintenteni.
Ezi zinto zoyilo zenza izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zibe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kubathandi bangaphandle ababeka phambili lula kunye nokusebenza.
Izibane zeenkampu ze-COB ziguqule ukukhanya kwangaphandle ngoyilo lwazo olutsha kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili. Ngokuhambisa i-50% yokukhanya ngakumbi, baqinisekisa ukubonakala okuphezulu kwiimeko eziphantsi zokukhanya. Umsebenzi wabo wokonga amandla wandisa ubomi bebhetri, nto leyo ebenza ukuba balungele ukuzonwabisa ixesha elide. I-compact kunye nesakhiwo esikhaphukhaphu siphucula ukuphatheka, ukulungiselela iimfuno zabahlali banamhlanje. Ezi mpawu zenza izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zibe sisixhobo esiyimfuneko kubantu abathanda ngaphandle abafuna izisombululo zokukhanyisa ezithembekileyo nezisebenza kakhulu.
FAQ
1. Yintoni eyenza ii-LED zeCOB zibe namandla ngakumbi kunee-LED zemveli?
Ii-COB ze-LED zidibanisa ii-chips ezininzi kwimodyuli enye, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla. Uyilo lwabo oludityanisiweyo lunciphisa ukuveliswa kobushushu, luqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kuvumela izibane ze-COB zenkampu ukuba zivelise ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo ngelixa zisebenzisa amandla amancinci, zizenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa ixesha elide ngaphandle.
2. Zihlala ixesha elingakanani izibane zokukhempisha zeCOB?
Izibane ze-COB zokukhempisha zinobomi obunomtsalane, amaxesha amaninzi busukela kwiiyure ezingama-50,000 ukuya kwi-100,000. Oku komelela kuguqulela malunga neminyaka eyi-17 yokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla kwiiyure ezisi-8 ngosuku, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwexesha elide kwabo bangaphandle.
3. Ngaba izibane zokukhempisha ze-COB zifanelekile kwiimeko zemozulu ezimandundu?
Ewe, izibane ze-COB zenkampu zenzelwe ukuqina. Ukwakhiwa kwabo okuqinileyo kunye nolawulo oluphezulu lwe-thermal luvumela ukubasebenza rhoqokwindawo ezinomngeni, kubandakanywa amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo kunye nemixawuka yomhlaba. Oku kubenza ukhetho oluthembekileyo kwii-adventure zangaphandle.
4. Ingaba izibane zokukhempisha zeCOB zingasetyenziselwa ezinye iinjongo ngaphandle kokukampisha?
Ngokuqinisekileyo! Izibane zeenkampu ze-COB zisebenza ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye zifanelekile kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. Bangakhanyisa iindawo zokusebenza, basebenze njengezibane ezingxamisekileyo ngexesha lokucima kombane, okanye babonelele ngeziganeko zangaphandle. Ukuphatheka kwabo kunye nokuqaqamba kubenza babe sisisombululo esisebenzayo kwiimeko ezininzi.
5. Ngaba izibane zokukhempisha zeCOB zifuna ulungiso olukhethekileyo?
Izibane zeenkampu zeCOB zifuna ukulungiswa okuncinci. Ukucoca rhoqo i-lens kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhathalelo olufanelekileyo lwebhetri kuya kubagcina besebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Uyilo lwabo oluphezulu kunye nezinto ezihlala ixesha elide zinciphisa imfuno yokulungiswa rhoqo okanye ukutshintshwa, ukunika amava omsebenzisi angenangxaki.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-11-2025
fannie@nbtorch.com
+0086-0574-28909873


